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$Title{A Child's History Of England
Chapter I.  Ancient England And The Romans.}
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$Author{Dickens, Charles}
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$Subject{britons
romans
roman
britain
druids
years
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still
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Title:       A Child's History Of England
Author:      Dickens, Charles

Chapter I.  Ancient England And The Romans.

     If you look at a map of the world, you will see, in the left-hand upper
corner of the Eastern Hemisphere, two islands lying in the sea.  They are
England and Scotland, and Ireland.  England and Scotland form the greater part
of these islands.  Ireland is the next in size.  The little neighboring
islands, which are so small upon the map as to be mere dots, are chiefly
little bits of Scotland, - broken off, I dare say, in the course of a great
length of time, by the power of the restless water.

     In the old days, a long, long while ago, before our Saviour was born on
earth, and lay asleep in a manger, these islands were in the same place; and
the stormy sea roared round them, just as it roars now.  But the sea was not
alive then with great ships and brave sailors, sailing to and from all parts
of the world.  It was very lonely.  The islands lay solitary in the great
expanse of water.  The foaming waves dashed against their cliffs, and the
bleak winds blew over their forests.  But the winds and waves brought no
adventurers to land upon the islands; and the savage islanders knew nothing of
the rest of the world, and the rest of the world knew nothing of them.

     It is supposed that the Phoenicians, who were an ancient people, famous
for carrying on trade, came in ships to these islands, and found that they
produced tin and lead; both very useful things, as you know, and both produced
to this very hour upon the sea-coast.  The most celebrated tin- mines in
Cornwall are still close to the sea.  One of them, which I have seen, is so
close to it that it is hollowed out underneath the ocean; and the miners say
that in stormy weather, when they are at work down in that deep place, they
can hear the noise of the waves thundering above their heads. So the
Phoenicians, coasting about the islands, would come, without much difficulty,
to where the tin and lead were.

     The Phoenicians traded with the islanders for these metals, and gave the
islanders some other useful things in exchange.  The islanders were, at first,
poor savages, going almost naked, or only dressed in the rough skins of
beasts, and staining their bodies, as other savages do, with colored earths
and the juices of plants.  But the Phoenicians, sailing over to the opposite
coasts of France and Belgium, and saying to the people there, "We have been to
those white cliffs across the water, which you can see in fine weather; and
from that country, which is called Britain, we bring this tin and lead,"
tempted some of the French and Belgians to come over also.  These people
settled themselves on the south coast of England, which is now called Kent;
and, although they were a rough people too, they taught the savage Britons
some useful arts, and improved that part of the islands.  It is probable that
other people came over from Spain to Ireland, and settled there.

     Thus, by little and little, strangers became mixed with the islanders,
and the savage Britons grew into a wild, bold people; almost savage still,
especially in the interior of the country, away from the sea, where the
foreign settlers seldom went; but hardy, brave, and strong.

     The whole country was covered with forests and swamps.  The greater part
of it was very misty and cold.  There were no roads, no bridges, no streets,
no houses that you would think deserving of the name.  A town was nothing but
a collection of straw-covered huts, hidden in a thick wood, with a ditch all
round, and a low wall made of mud, or the trunks of trees placed one upon
another.  The people planted little or no corn, but lived upon the flesh of
their flocks and cattle.  They made no coins, but used metal-rings for money.
They were clever in basket-work, as savage people often are; and they could
make a coarse kind of cloth, and some very bad earthenware.  But in building
fortresses they were much more clever.

     They made boats of basket-work, covered with the skins of animals, but
seldom, if ever, ventured far from the shore.  They made swords of copper
mixed with tin; but these swords were of an awkward shape, and so soft that a
heavy blow would bend one.  They made light shields; short, pointed daggers;
and spears, which they jerked back, after they had thrown them at an enemy, by
a long strip of leather fastened to the stem.  The butt-end was a rattle, to
frighten an enemy's horse.  The ancient Britons, being divided into as many as
thirty or forty tribes, each commanded by its own little king, were constantly
fighting with one another, as savage people usually do; and they always fought
with these weapons.

     They were very fond of horses.  The standard of Kent was the picture of a
white horse.  They could break them in and manage them wonderfully well.
Indeed, the horses (of which they had an abundance, though they were rather
small) were so well taught in those days, that they can scarcely be said to
have improved since; though the men are so much wiser.  They understood and
obeyed every word of command; and would stand still by themselves, in all the
din and noise of battle, while their masters went to fight on foot.  The
Britons could not have succeeded in their most remarkable art without the aid
of these sensible and trusty animals.  The art I mean is the construction and
management of war-chariots, or cars; for which they have ever been celebrated
in history.  Each of the best sort of these chariots, not quite breast-high in
front, and open at the back, contained one man to drive, and two or three
others to fight, - all standing up.  The horses who drew them were so well
trained, that they would tear, at full gallop, over the most stony ways, and
even through the woods; dashing down their masters' enemies beneath their
hoofs, and cutting them to pieces with the blades of swords, or scythes, which
were fastened to the wheels, and stretched out beyond the car on each side,
for that cruel purpose.  In a moment, while at full speed, the horses would
stop at the driver's command.  The men within would leap out, deal blows about
them with their swords, like hail, leap on the horses, on the pole, spring
back into the chariots anyhow; and, as soon as they were safe the horses tore
away again.

     The Britons had a strange and terrible religion, called the religion of
the Druids.  It seems to have been brought over, in very early times indeed,
from the opposite country of France, anciently called Gaul, and to have mixed
up the worship of the Serpent, and of the Sun and Moon, with the worship of
some of the heathen gods and goddesses.  Most of its ceremonies were kept
secret by the priests, - the Druids, - who pretended to be enchanters, and who
carried magicians' wands, and wore, each of them, about his neck, what he told
the ignorant people was a serpent's egg in a golden case.  But it is certain
that the Druidical ceremonies included the sacrifice of human victims, the
torture of some suspected criminals, and, on particular occasions, even the
burning alive, in immense wicker-cages, of a number of men and animals
together.  The Druid priests had some kind of veneration for the oak, and for
the mistletoe (the same plant that we hang up in houses at Christmas-time now)
when its white berries grew upon the oak.  They met together in dark woods,
which they called sacred groves; and there they instructed, in their
mysterious arts, young men who came to them as pupils, and who sometimes
stayed with them as long as twenty years.

     These Druids built great temples and altars open to the sky, fragments of
some of which are yet remaining.  Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire,
is the most extraordinary of these.  Three curious stones, called Kits Coty
House, on Bluebell Hill, near Maidstone, in Kent, form another. We know, from
examination of the great blocks of which such buildings are made, that that
they could not have been raised without the aid of some ingenious machines
which are common now, but which the ancient Britons certainly did not use in
making their own uncomfortable houses.  I should not wonder if the Druids, and
their pupils who stayed with them twenty years, knowing more than the rest of
the Britons, kept the people out of sight while they made these buildings, and
then pretended that they built them by magic. Perhaps they had a hand in the
fortresses too; at all events, as they were very powerful, and very much
believed in, and as they made and executed the laws, and paid no taxes, I
don't wonder that they liked their trade.  And, as they persuaded the people
the more Druids there were the better off the people would be, I don't wonder
that there were a good many of them.  But it is pleasant to think that there
are no Druids now, who go on in that way, and pretend to carry enchanters'
wands and serpents' eggs; and, of course, there is nothing of the kind
anywhere.

     Such was the improved condition of the ancient Britons fifty-five years
before the birth of our Saviour, when the Romans, under their great general,
Julius Caesar, were masters of all the rest of the known world.  Julius Caesar
had then just conquered Gaul; and, hearing in Gaul a good deal about the
opposite island with the white cliffs, and about the bravery of the Britons
who inhabited it (some of whom had been fetched over to help the Gauls in the
war against him), he resolved, as he was so near, to come and conquer Britain
next.

     So Julius Caesar came sailing over to this island of ours, with eighty
vessels and twelve thousand men.  And he came from the French coast between
Calais and Boulogne, "because thence was the shortest passage into Britain";
just for the same reason as our steamboats now take the same track every day.
He expected to conquer Britain easily.  But it was not such easy work as he
supposed; for the bold Britons fought most bravely.  And what with not having
his horse-soldiers with him (for they had been driven back by a storm), and
what with having some of his vessels dashed to pieces by a high tide after
they were drawn ashore, he ran great risk of being totally defeated. However,
for once that the bold Britons beat him, he beat them twice; though not so
soundly but that he was very glad to accept their proposals of peace, and go
away.

     But in the spring of the next year, he came back; this time with eight
hundred vessels and thirty thousand men.  The British tribes chose, as their
general-in-chief, a Briton, whom the Romans in their Latin language called
Cassivellaunus, but whose British name is supposed to have been Caswallon. A
brave general he was; and well he and his soldiers fought the Roman army! So
well, that, whenever in that war the Roman soldiers saw a great cloud of dust,
and heard the rattle of the rapid British chariots, they trembled in their
hearts.  Besides a number of smaller battles, there was a battle fought near
Canterbury, in Kent; there was a battle fought near Chertsey, in Surrey; there
was a battle fought near a marshy little town in a wood, the capital of that
part of Britain which belonged to Cassivellaunus, and which was probably near
what is now Saint Albans, in Hertfordshire.  However, brave Cassivellaunus had
the worst of it, on the whole; though he and his men always fought like lions.
As the other British chiefs were jealous of him, and were always quarrelling
with him and with one another, he gave up, and proposed peace.  Julius Caesar
was very glad to grant peace easily, and to go away again with all his
remaining ships and men.  He had expected to find pearls in Britain, and he
may have found a few for anything I know; but, at all events, he found
delicious oysters.  And I am sure he found tough Britons; of whom, I dare say,
he made the same complaint as Napoleon Bonaparte, the great French general,
did, eighteen hundred years afterwards, when he said they were such
unreasonable fellows that they never knew when they were beaten.  They never
did know, I believe, and never will.

     Nearly a hundred years passed on; and all that time there was peace in
Britain.  The Britons improved their towns and mode of life, became more
civilized, travelled, and learned a great deal from the Gauls and Romans. At
last, the Roman Emperor Claudius sent Aulus Plautius, a skilful general, with
a mighty force, to subdue the island; and shortly afterwards arrived himself.
They did little; and Ostorius Scapula, another general, came.  Some of the
British chiefs of tribes submitted.  Others resolved to fight to the death.
Of these brave men, the bravest was Caractacus, or Caradoc, who gave battle to
the Romans with his army among the mountains of North Wales.  "This day," said
he to his soldiers, "decides the fate of Britain!  Your liberty, or your
eternal slavery, dates from this hour.  Remember your brave ancestors, who
drove the great Caesar himself across the sea." On hearing these words, his
men, with a great shout, rushed upon the Romans.  But the strong Roman swords
and armor were too much for the weaker British weapons in close conflict.  The
Britons lost the day.  The wife and daughter of the brave Caractacus were
taken prisoners; his brothers delivered themselves up; he himself was betrayed
into the hands of the Romans by his false and base stepmother; and they
carried him, and all his family, in triumph to Rome.

     But a great man will be great in misfortune, great in prison, great in
chains.  His noble air and dignified endurance of distress so touched the
Roman people, who thronged the streets to see him, that he and his family were
restored to freedom.  No one knows whether his great heart broke, and he died
in Rome, or whether he ever returned to his own dear country. English oaks
have grown up from acorns, and withered away when they were hundreds of years
old, - and other oaks have sprung up in their places, and died too, very aged,
- since the rest of the history of the brave Caractacus was forgotten.

     Still the Britons would not yield.  They rose again and again, and died
by thousands, sword in hand.  They rose on every possible occasion. Suetonius,
another Roman general, came and stormed the Island of Anglesey (then called
Mona), which was supposed to be sacred; and he burnt the Druids in their own
wicker-cages, by their own fires.  But even while he was in Britain with his
victorious troops, the Britons rose.  Because Boadicea, a British queen, the
widow of the King of the Norfolk and Suffolk people, resisted the plundering
of her property by the Romans who were settled in England, she was scourged by
order of Catus, a Roman officer; and her two daughters were shamefully
insulted in her presence; and her husband's relations were made slaves.  To
avenge this injury, the Britons rose with all their might and rage.  They
drove Catus into Gaul; they laid the Roman possessions waste; they forced the
Romans out of London (then a poor little town, but a trading-place); they
hanged, burnt, crucified, and slew by the sword, seventy thousand Romans in a
few days.  Suetonius strengthened his army, and advanced to give them battle.
They strengthened their army, and desperately attacked his on the field where
it was strongly posted.  Before the first charge of the Britons was made,
Boadicea, in a war-chariot, with her fair hair streaming in the wind, and her
injured daughters lying at her feet, drove among the troops, and cried to them
for vengeance on their oppressors, the licentious Romans.  The Britons fought
to the last; but they were vanquished with great slaughter, and the unhappy
queen took poison.

     Still, the spirit of the Britons was not broken.  When Suetonius left the
country, they fell upon his troops, and retook the Island of Anglesey.
Agricola came fifteen or twenty years afterwards, and retook it once more, and
devoted seven years to subduing the country, especially that part of it which
is now called Scotland; but its people, the Caledonians, resisted him at every
inch of ground.  They fought the bloodiest battles with him; they killed their
very wives and children, to prevent his making prisoners of them; they fell,
fighting, in such great numbers that certain hills in Scotland are yet
supposed to be vast heaps of stones piled up above their graves.  Hadrian came
thirty years afterwards; and still they resisted him. Severus came nearly a
hundred years afterwards; and they worried his great army like dogs, and
rejoiced to see them die, by thousands, in the bogs and swamps.  Caracalla,
the son and successor of Severus, did the most to conquer them, for a time;
but not by force of arms.  He knew how little that would do.  He yielded up a
quantity of land to the Caledonians, and gave the Britons the same privileges
as the Romans possessed.  There was peace after this for seventy years.

     Then new enemies arose.  They were the Saxons, a fierce, seafaring people
from the countries to the north of the Rhine, the great river of Germany, on
the banks of which the best grapes grow to make the German wine. They began to
come in pirate-ships, to the sea-coast of Gaul and Britain, and to plunder
them.  They were repulsed by Carausius, a native either of Belgium or of
Britain, who was appointed by the Romans to the command, and under whom the
Britons first began to fight upon the sea.  But after this time they renewed
their ravages.  A few years more, and the Scots (which was then the name for
the people of Ireland) and the Picts, a northern people, began to make
frequent plundering incursions into the South of Britain.  All these attacks
were repeated, at intervals, during two hundred years, and through a long
succession of Roman emperors and chiefs; during all which length of time the
Britons rose against the Romans over and over again.  At last, in the days of
the Roman Honorius, when the Roman power all over the world was fast
declining, and when Rome wanted all her soldiers at home, the Romans abandoned
all hope of conquering Britain, and went away.  And still, at last as at
first, the Britons rose against them in their old, brave manner; for, a very
little while before, they had turned away the Roman magistrates, and declared
themselves an independent people.

     Five hundred years had passed since Julius Caesar's first invasion of the
Island, when the Romans departed from it forever.  In the course of that time,
although they had been the cause of terrible fighting and bloodshed, they had
done much to improve the condition of the Britons.  They had made great
military roads; they had built forts; they had taught them how to dress and
arm themselves much better than they had ever known how to do before; they had
refined the whole British way of living.  Agricola had built a great wall of
earth, more than seventy miles long, extending from Newcastle to beyond
Carlisle, for the purpose of keeping out the Picts and Scots; Hadrian had
strengthened it; Severus finding it much in want of repair, had built it
afresh of stone.  Above all, it was in the Roman time, and by means of Roman
ships, that the Christian religion was first brought into Britain, and its
people first taught the great lesson, that, to be good in the sight of God,
they must love their neighbors as themselves, and do unto others as they would
be done by.  The Druids declared that it was very wicked to believe in any
such thing, and cursed all the people who did believe it very heartily. But
when the people found that they were none the better for the blessings of the
Druids, and none the worse for the curses of the Druids, but that the sun
shone and the rain fell without consulting the Druids at all they just began
to think that the Druids were mere men, and that it signified very little
whether they cursed or blessed.  After which, the pupils of the Druids fell
off greatly in numbers, and the Druids took to other trades.

     Thus I have come to the end of the Roman time in England.  It is but
little that is known of those five hundred years; but some remains of them are
still found.  Often, when laborers are digging up the ground to make
foundations for houses or churches, they light on rusty money that once
belonged to the Romans.  Fragments of plates from which they ate, of goblets
from which they drank, and of pavement on which they trod, are discovered
among the earth that is broken by the plough, or the dust that is crumbled by
the gardener's spade.  Wells that the Romans sunk still yield water; roads
that the Romans made form part of our highways.  In some old battle-fields,
British spear-heads and Roman armor have been found, mingled together in
decay, as they fell in the thick pressure of the fight.  Traces of Roman
camps, overgrown with grass, and of mounds that are the burial-places of heaps
of Britons, are to be seen in almost all parts of the country.  Across the
bleak moors of Northumberland, the wall of Severus, overrun with moss and
weeds, still stretches, a strong ruin; and the shepherds and their dogs lie
sleeping on it in the summer weather.  On Salisbury Plain, Stonehenge yet
stands, - a monument of the earlier time when the Roman name was unknown in
Britain, and when the Druids, with their best magic-wands, could not have
written it in the sands of the wild sea-shore.